Updated January 2020
With Great Britain now flying solo, a paper by Swati Dhingra, Gianmarco Ottaviano, Thomas Sampson and John Van Reenen at the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics and Political Science is particularly pertinent. This paper examines the economic consequences of the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union on both the U.K. and the European Union as a whole. With the European Union being the U.K.'s largest trading partner, Brexit will obviously have a significant impact on both economies since tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade would change.
With Great Britain now flying solo, a paper by Swati Dhingra, Gianmarco Ottaviano, Thomas Sampson and John Van Reenen at the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics and Political Science is particularly pertinent. This paper examines the economic consequences of the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union on both the U.K. and the European Union as a whole. With the European Union being the U.K.'s largest trading partner, Brexit will obviously have a significant impact on both economies since tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade would change.
For the purposes of this
study, the authors looked at two scenarios:
1.) an optimistic
scenario where the U.K. has a relationship with the EU similar to that of
Norway which has full access to the EU single market as a member of the
European Economic Area (EEA). In this case, there would be no tariffs on
trade between the U.K. and the EU, however, there would be some non-tariff barriers
that do not apply to EU members.
2.) a pessimistic
scenario where there are larger increases in trade costs because, in this scenario, the U.K. is
not successful at negotiating a new trade agreement with the EU. This
means that trade between the U.K. and the EU is government by World Trade
Organization rules, implying larger increases in trade costs than the
optimistic scenario.
Let's look at the
optimistic case first. In the optimistic scenario, the authors assumed
that in the ten years following Brexit, intra-EU trade costs fall 20 percent
faster than in the rest of the world with non-tariff barriers within the EU
falling by 5.7 percent over the decade. They also assume that the U.K.'s
contribution to the EU budget would not drop to zero, rather, it would drop by
17 percent or 0.09 percent of national income; in the case of Norway, on a per
capita basis, Norway's financial contribution to the EU is 83 percent of the
U.K.'s payment.
Here are the results of
the effects of Brexit on U.K. living standards for the optimistic case:
Trade effects: -1.37
percent
Fiscal
benefit: + 0.09 percent
Total change in income
per capita: -1.28 percent or -£850
In the pessimistic
scenario, the authors assumed that in the ten years following Brexit, intra-EU
trade costs fall 40 percent faster than the rest of the world with non-tariff
barriers within the EU falling by 12.8 percent over the decade. They also
assume that, since the United Kingdom is outside the EEA, the U.K. would save
more on its current contribution to the EU. The savings would rise to
0.53 percent which includes only the public finance components and excludes the
transfers that the EU makes directly to universities, firms and other
non-government bodies. Assuming that the U.K. government does not cut
this funding, the net savings would be 0.31 percent.
Here are the effects of
Brexit on U.K. living standards for the pessimistic case:
Trade effects: -2.92
percent
Fiscal
benefit: +0.31 percent
Total change in income
per capita: -2.61 percent or -£1700
Please note that in both
of these scenarios, the authors have used a static trade model that does not
account for the dynamic impacts of trade on productivity. For example,
trade can have positive economic effects since it increases competition and
promotes economic efficiencies. Recent research shows that these dynamic
impacts on trade may be two or three times larger that the static effects.
Using an estimate that a 1 percent decline in trade reduces income per
capita by between 0.5 percent and 0.75 percent, Brexit would reduce U.K. per
capita income by between 6.3 percent and 9.5 percent or between £4200 and £6400
per household per year. This shows that the dynamic impacts of trade
could significantly worsen the situation for U.K. households when Brexit takes
place.
Now, let's look at the
effects of Brexit on other nations. Obviously, the nations with the
greatest trade with the United Kingdom will see the greatest effects.
According to the authors' calculations, all EU member nations are worse
off with Ireland suffering the largest proportional losses from Brexit followed
by the Netherlands and Belgium. Countries outside of the EU will
experience economic gains as trade is diverted toward them and away from the
EU; these include Russia, Taiwan and Turkey.
Here is a graphic showing
the effect of Brexit on GDP by nation:
In total, the EU loses
between 0.12 percent and 0.29 percent of its GDP whereas the nations outside
the EU gain between 0.01 percent and 0.02 percent of GDP. When looking at
actual losses, the United Kingdom will see its economy shrink by between £26
billion and £55 billion and the rest of the EU will collectively see the economy
shrink by between £12 billion and £28 billion or about half of the negative
economic impact experienced by the United Kingdom.
Obviously, Brexit is
going to have a significant impact on the European community as a whole.
The authors note that, when all is said and done, the economic
consequences of leaving the EU will depend on the political policies that the
United Kingdom adopts after Brexit takes place.
It should be mentioned that Brexit may insulate the island nation a bit from the growing problems of Europe. The only thing we know for sure is it will be interesting to watch events unfold.
ReplyDeleteA lot of major international banks will be
ReplyDeleteLeaving London, which will bring prices of Real Estate down.
Other international corporations may follow,
which will have impact on employment in U.K.
In 1995 , Quebec province in Canada almost
ReplyDeleteSeparate from Canada.
The economic impact on the people in Quebec it is still there.Like divorce in
real life it is very damaging for everyone
who is involved.